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Abstract/Sommario: The limits of personalism - Measuring partial belief - Frequencies and trials - Propensity - Half lives and the force of mortality - Imprecision and inexactness - Connectivity and classical propensities - Determinism and laws of nature.

Abstract/Sommario: According to modern physics, many objectively improbable events actually occur, such as the spontaneous disintegration of radioactive atoms. Because of high levels of improbability, scientists are often at a loss to explain such phenomena. In this main essay of this book, Wesley Salmon offers a solution to scientific explanation based on the concept of statistical relevance (the S-R model). In this vein, the other two essays herein discuss "Statistical Relevance vs. Statistical Inferen ...; [Leggi tutto...] According to modern physics, many objectively improbable events actually occur, such as the spontaneous disintegration of radioactive atoms. Because of high levels of improbability, scientists are often at a loss to explain such phenomena. In this main essay of this book, Wesley Salmon offers a solution to scientific explanation based on the concept of statistical relevance (the S-R model). In this vein, the other two essays herein discuss "Statistical Relevance vs. Statistical Inference," and "Explanation and Information."

Abstract/Sommario: Long run frequencies - The chance set-up - Support - The long run - The law of likelihood - Statistical tests - Theories of testing - Random sampling - The fiducial argument - Estimation - Point estimation - Bayes' theory - The subjective theory.

Abstract/Sommario: International review of principles and evolution (Social security - Employment benefit plans - Private supplementary arrangements) - Country by country surveys (Austria - Belgium - Switzerland - Germany - Denmark - Spain - France - Great Britain - Italy - Ireland - Luxembourg - Norway - Netherlands - Portugal - Sweden - Finland).

Abstract/Sommario: This essay has been written in the convinction that the methods of formal logic can be profitably used in the organization of social, political and legal thought. The author employs the basic ideas and techniques of currend modal logic in the construction of a general theory of action and interaction. The theory is applied to the investigation of a variety of related types of social or interpersonal power. The topics treated include social control and influence, punitive and normative ...; [Leggi tutto...] This essay has been written in the convinction that the methods of formal logic can be profitably used in the organization of social, political and legal thought. The author employs the basic ideas and techniques of currend modal logic in the construction of a general theory of action and interaction. The theory is applied to the investigation of a variety of related types of social or interpersonal power. The topics treated include social control and influence, punitive and normative action, and forms of power which pertain to both influence and normative action. There is also a full examination of rights on the basis of Hohfeld's analysis of fundamental legal concepts.
In the models advanced, exercise of power is viewed under certain hypotheses of consistency or rationality. These yield for example, such principles as that 'Ought' entails 'May' and that 'May' entails 'Can', and in combination with the logic of action they provide the tools by means of which interaction systems are analysed. Emphasis is throughout on the common logical structure of power relations in different systems. These reveal a systematic unity of thought in a field which has so far received little attention among logicians. The main results are presented in conveniently ordered diagrams which facilitate comparison and permit rapid reviews.

Abstract/Sommario: Theory and observation - A network model of universals - The grue paradox - The logic of induction as explication - Personalist probability - Bayesian confirmation theory - Universal generalizations - Finiteness, laws and causality - Theory as analogy - Simplicity - Maxwell's logic of analogy - A realist interpretation of science.

Abstract/Sommario: A model of general economic equilibrium - A note on J. von Neumann's article on "A model of economic equilibrium" - On a two-sector model of economic growth - Note un Uzawa's two-sector model of economic growth - On the stability of growth equilibria in two-sector models - The classification of inventions - Disembodied technical change in a two-sector model - Tentative notes on a two-sector model with induced technical progress - Neoclassical growth with fixed factor proportions - On P ...; [Leggi tutto...] A model of general economic equilibrium - A note on J. von Neumann's article on "A model of economic equilibrium" - On a two-sector model of economic growth - Note un Uzawa's two-sector model of economic growth - On the stability of growth equilibria in two-sector models - The classification of inventions - Disembodied technical change in a two-sector model - Tentative notes on a two-sector model with induced technical progress - Neoclassical growth with fixed factor proportions - On Putty-Clay - The economic implications of learning by doing - Extensions of Arrow's "Learning by doing" - A new model of economic growth - Rate of profit and income distribution in relation to the rate of economic growth - The neoclassica theorem and distribution of income and wealth - The adjustment of savings to investment in a growing economy - The general instability of a class of competitive growth processes - On warranted growth paths - The timescale of economic models: how long is the long run? - Stability of a dynamic input-output system.

Abstract/Sommario: Experience of growth - Growth and the short run - Growth of technology - Capital - Optimal growth - Developing economies - Summary of the final discussion.

Abstract/Sommario: Principles of optimal pricing and investment - Application to particular industries - Case studies of performance.

Abstract/Sommario: A programme for action - Report on consultations with industry.