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Abstract/Sommario: Safety in the Chemical Industries - Hygiene in the Chemical Industries.

Abstract/Sommario: Science and inquiry - Structure of science - The constructure of the good - Historical studies.

Abstract/Sommario: This book is an anthology of fundamental papers dealing with undecidability and unsolvability. It begins with Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 in which it was shown for the first time that systems of logic, no matter how powerful, could never admit proofs of all true assertions of arithmetic. In the anthology, there are the basic papers of Godel, Church, Turing, and Post in which the class of recursive functions was singled out and seen to be just the class of functions that can be c ...; [Leggi tutto...] This book is an anthology of fundamental papers dealing with undecidability and unsolvability. It begins with Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 in which it was shown for the first time that systems of logic, no matter how powerful, could never admit proofs of all true assertions of arithmetic. In the anthology, there are the basic papers of Godel, Church, Turing, and Post in which the class of recursive functions was singled out and seen to be just the class of functions that can be computed by finite algorithms. Also included is the work of Church, Turing, and Post in which problems from the theory of abstract computing machines, from mathematical logic, and finally from algebra are shown to be unsolvable in the sense that there is no finite algorithm for dealing with them. Finally, included in the anthology is work of Kleene and of Post initiating the classification theory of unsolvable problems.
Most of the papers collected here have been preyiously available— but only in the periodicals in which they originally appeared. However, it has fortunately also been possible to include previously unpublished lectures by Godel and a hitherto unpublished account by Post of his early work in this area.
This collection should prove valuable, not only as a reference work for specialists, but also as a text or supplementary text: it could be used as a supplementary text in courses in logic or in philosophy or foundations of mathematics. An instructor who prefers to work with original sources could design a course in advanced logic or recursive function theory around this book in various ways. It should also be useful for self-study. With these possibilities in mind, I have prefaced most of the papers in this anthology with brief editorial remarks. In these, I aim to tell the student what I would have liked to have been told before reading the paper in question.
Thanks are due to the authors and publishers who have kindly permitted us to reprint these papers. I am especially grateful to Professors Godel and Kleene who have furnished supplementary material to be included with their papers. Finally, it is a pleasure to thank Alan M. Edelson of Raven Press for his patience and cooperation.

Abstract/Sommario: The prospect of a science of politics - The size principle - Evidenze about the size principle - Research on and applications of the size principle - The dynamic model - Strategy in coalition building - An interlude and illustration from american politics - The stability of the model - Components of disequilibrium - Reflections on empires: an epilogue on the United States in world affairs.

Abstract/Sommario: Prerequisites - Basic concepts of Markov chains - Absorbing Markov chains - Regular Markov chains - Ergodic Markov chains - Further results - Applications of Markov chains - Appendices.

Abstract/Sommario: Standards of statistical practice - Replicated sampling designs - Some theory useful in sampling.

Abstract/Sommario: The first six years of TIMS have seen not only a growth in membership, in publications, in meetings and Communications, but the beginning of a scientific basis for many of the major problems of management. Six years ago, few people felt that the progress which has been accomplished in this field could be even approached. It was not even clear, in view of the complexity of management problems, that the scientist could contribute in any significant fashion in such a short period of time ...; [Leggi tutto...] The first six years of TIMS have seen not only a growth in membership, in publications, in meetings and Communications, but the beginning of a scientific basis for many of the major problems of management. Six years ago, few people felt that the progress which has been accomplished in this field could be even approached. It was not even clear, in view of the complexity of management problems, that the scientist could contribute in any significant fashion in such a short period of time in this area. However, as increasing numbers of scientific personnel have entered the field and management has increased its support of it, it has been possible to break these major problem areas into segments which could be meaningfully attacked directly.
This is the reason why TIMS has been organized functionally along the lines of colleges. These colleges emphasize, in some cases, techniques such as simulation, linear programming, and decision theory; and in other cases they emphasize such management problem areas as production and inventory management, and research and development management. Although there is overlapping among the colleges, the ability to focus attention on special areas in this fashion has proved a valuable communication medium and has contributed materially to the growth of TIMS.
There was a session at the Paris Meeting on each of the college subjects. In addition sessions were held on Methodology, Case Histories and Fundamentals of Management Education.
There were 78 papers presented at the Conference and most of the major nations of the world had sent representatives. The total number of participants was almost one thousand.
A special feature of the Conference was an extra day on September 11th devoted to the new area of management games. During the last three years, there has been considerable progress in the development of analytical descriptions of entire business enterprises and their interaction. Many such games may be played by management. In such games, small groups of five to ten people form an enterprise and compete with four or five other groups of similar size, using financial Information in thè way of balance sheets and profit and loss statements to help them make major management decisions. In general, electronic computers are then used to make the calculations of the results of these decisions and these results are then returned for another play of the game. Usually four plays correspond to a calendar year. These games serve an important purpose for training as well as research in investigating group interaction in industry. The opportunity was given to a number of participants to play the games which had been developed and tested in the United States, France, Great Britain and Denmark.

Abstract/Sommario: Introductory - Frequency distributions. Statistical parameters - Probability. The binomial distribution - Poisson's distribution. The normal distribution - Sum of squares of normal variates. Goodness of fit - Small samples. Student's t. Variance ratio - Quality control - Sampling inspection schemes - Theory of errors - The method of least squares - Correlation - The analysis of variance - The principle of maximum likelihood. Probit analysis - Tables.

Abstract/Sommario: The axiom of extension - The axiom of specification - Unordered pairs - Unions and intersections - Complements and powers - Ordered pairs - Relations - Functions - Families - Inverses and composites - Numbers - The Peano axioms - Arithmetic - Order - The axiom of choice - Zorn's lemma - Well ordering - Transfinite recursion - Ordinal numbers - Sets of ordinal numbers - Ordinal arithmetic - The Schroder-Bernstein theorem - Countable sets - Cardinal arithmetic - Cardinal numbers.