Risultati ricerca

Abstract/Sommario: Groups, rings, and modules - Field theory - Linear algebra and representations.

Abstract/Sommario: Competition, fewness, and spontaneous coordination - Classical oligopoly theory and its extensions - Stackelberg's indifference maps: extension of the analysis to related market structures - The pure theory: maximization of joint profits - Limitations of profit maximization: the monopoly-oligopoly problem (safety margins; long-run objectives; controlling groups) - Further limitations: the specific oligopoly problem (Cutthroat competition and the desire to avoid it; improvement by non-p ...; [Leggi tutto...] Competition, fewness, and spontaneous coordination - Classical oligopoly theory and its extensions - Stackelberg's indifference maps: extension of the analysis to related market structures - The pure theory: maximization of joint profits - Limitations of profit maximization: the monopoly-oligopoly problem (safety margins; long-run objectives; controlling groups) - Further limitations: the specific oligopoly problem (Cutthroat competition and the desire to avoid it; improvement by non-price competition; cost and product differences) - Concise statement of limited joint maximization - Limited joint maximization for the family of market structures - Bilateral monopoly on product markets - The element of bilateral monopoly in labor-management relations - Problems of appraisal and policy.

Abstract/Sommario: Introduction - Bilateral monopoly - Oligopoly - Conclusion.

Abstract/Sommario: Logic, norms and roles - Choice behavior and monetary payoff: strong and weak conditioning - Can subjects be human and humans be subjects? - Two-person interactive learning: a progress report - The application of learning models to interactive behavior - Application to a Markov learning mode to a simple detection situation involving social pressure - The process of choosing a reference group - Reward structures and the allocation of effort - Theoretical treatments of differential rewar ...; [Leggi tutto...] Logic, norms and roles - Choice behavior and monetary payoff: strong and weak conditioning - Can subjects be human and humans be subjects? - Two-person interactive learning: a progress report - The application of learning models to interactive behavior - Application to a Markov learning mode to a simple detection situation involving social pressure - The process of choosing a reference group - Reward structures and the allocation of effort - Theoretical treatments of differential reward in multiple-choice learning and two-person interactions - Le théorème de Bayes et les processus d'influence sociale - The structure of interpersonal behavior in the Dyad - Two-alternative learning in interdependent Dyads - Some aspects of power in small groups - Experimental studies of conflict in some two-person - Group and individual behavior in free-recall verbal learning - Some puzzling aspects of social interaction - Speed and accuracy of cognitive achievement in small groups - Subtask phasing in small groups - Two-person interactions in a continuous-response task - A topological approach to the measurement of social phenomena - On the reliability of group judgements and decisions - Analysis of social conformity in terms of generalized conditioning models.

Abstract/Sommario: Introductory remarks - General theory of partial differential equations of first order - Differential equations of higher order - Potential theory and elliptic differential equations - Hyperbolic differential equations in two independent variables - Hyperbolic differential equations in more than two independent variables - Representations of solutions.

Abstract/Sommario: Introduction - Generalized harmonic analysis - Probability - Random variables, ensembles, and distributions - Averages - The Poisson distribution, the normal density, and other densities - Time averages and ensemble averages - Analytical determination of correlation functions and power density spectrums of random processes - Summary of basic concepts and tools - Measurement of correlation functions and probability densities - Sampling theory - Detection of a periodic signal in noise by ...; [Leggi tutto...] Introduction - Generalized harmonic analysis - Probability - Random variables, ensembles, and distributions - Averages - The Poisson distribution, the normal density, and other densities - Time averages and ensemble averages - Analytical determination of correlation functions and power density spectrums of random processes - Summary of basic concepts and tools - Measurement of correlation functions and probability densities - Sampling theory - Detection of a periodic signal in noise by correlation - Fundamental relations for a linear system and certain applications - Optimum linear systems - Optimum filtering and prediction - Errors in optimum systems - Some problems in the theory of optimum systems - Representation of correlation functions and power density spectrums by orthonormal functions - Synthesis of optimum linear systems by means of orthonormal functions.

Abstract/Sommario: Science and inquiry - Structure of science - The constructure of the good - Historical studies.

Abstract/Sommario: This book is an anthology of fundamental papers dealing with undecidability and unsolvability. It begins with Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 in which it was shown for the first time that systems of logic, no matter how powerful, could never admit proofs of all true assertions of arithmetic. In the anthology, there are the basic papers of Godel, Church, Turing, and Post in which the class of recursive functions was singled out and seen to be just the class of functions that can be c ...; [Leggi tutto...] This book is an anthology of fundamental papers dealing with undecidability and unsolvability. It begins with Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 in which it was shown for the first time that systems of logic, no matter how powerful, could never admit proofs of all true assertions of arithmetic. In the anthology, there are the basic papers of Godel, Church, Turing, and Post in which the class of recursive functions was singled out and seen to be just the class of functions that can be computed by finite algorithms. Also included is the work of Church, Turing, and Post in which problems from the theory of abstract computing machines, from mathematical logic, and finally from algebra are shown to be unsolvable in the sense that there is no finite algorithm for dealing with them. Finally, included in the anthology is work of Kleene and of Post initiating the classification theory of unsolvable problems.
Most of the papers collected here have been preyiously available— but only in the periodicals in which they originally appeared. However, it has fortunately also been possible to include previously unpublished lectures by Godel and a hitherto unpublished account by Post of his early work in this area.
This collection should prove valuable, not only as a reference work for specialists, but also as a text or supplementary text: it could be used as a supplementary text in courses in logic or in philosophy or foundations of mathematics. An instructor who prefers to work with original sources could design a course in advanced logic or recursive function theory around this book in various ways. It should also be useful for self-study. With these possibilities in mind, I have prefaced most of the papers in this anthology with brief editorial remarks. In these, I aim to tell the student what I would have liked to have been told before reading the paper in question.
Thanks are due to the authors and publishers who have kindly permitted us to reprint these papers. I am especially grateful to Professors Godel and Kleene who have furnished supplementary material to be included with their papers. Finally, it is a pleasure to thank Alan M. Edelson of Raven Press for his patience and cooperation.

Abstract/Sommario: The prospect of a science of politics - The size principle - Evidenze about the size principle - Research on and applications of the size principle - The dynamic model - Strategy in coalition building - An interlude and illustration from american politics - The stability of the model - Components of disequilibrium - Reflections on empires: an epilogue on the United States in world affairs.

Abstract/Sommario: Prerequisites - Basic concepts of Markov chains - Absorbing Markov chains - Regular Markov chains - Ergodic Markov chains - Further results - Applications of Markov chains - Appendices.